{"id":107,"date":"2025-04-03T09:33:00","date_gmt":"2025-04-03T07:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/insgraf.cz\/blog\/?p=107"},"modified":"2025-04-04T11:03:22","modified_gmt":"2025-04-04T09:03:22","slug":"potrebuje-dite-grafomotoricky-trening-co-nam-napovi-jeho-kresby","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/insgraf.cz\/blog\/potrebuje-dite-grafomotoricky-trening-co-nam-napovi-jeho-kresby\/","title":{"rendered":"Pot\u0159ebuje d\u00edt\u011b grafomotorick\u00fd tr\u00e9ning \u2013 co n\u00e1m napov\u00ed jeho kresby?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Co je gra a kdy by m\u011bla b\u00fdt zah\u00e1jena?<\/mark><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u00edlem grafomotorick\u00e9 terapie je zlep\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00fdch pohyb\u016f ruky a prst\u016f a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed celkov\u00e9 pohybov\u00e9 zdatnosti cel\u00e9 horn\u00ed kon\u010detiny. Terapie tak\u00e9 pom\u00e1h\u00e1 s u\u010den\u00edm spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho \u00fachopu tu\u017eky, zlep\u0161uje koordinaci oko-ruka, usnad\u0148uje d\u00edt\u011bti manipulaci s p\u0159edm\u011bty a osvojen\u00ed si r\u016fzn\u00fdch samoobslu\u017en\u00fdch dovednost\u00ed a p\u0159ipravuje ho na v\u00fduku psan\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Terapie by m\u011bla b\u00fdt zah\u00e1jena, pokud m\u00e1 d\u00edt\u011b sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 nebo naopak p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 siln\u00e9 svalov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed v horn\u00ed kon\u010detin\u011b nebo ramenn\u00edm pletenci, nerado se zapojuje do \u010dinnost\u00ed vy\u017eaduj\u00edc\u00edch jemnou motoriku<\/mark><\/a>, vykon\u00e1v\u00e1 je pomalu nebo s n\u00e1mahou, m\u00e1 pot\u00ed\u017ee se zap\u00edn\u00e1n\u00edm knofl\u00edk\u016f, zavazov\u00e1n\u00edm tkani\u010dek, nespr\u00e1vn\u011b dr\u017e\u00ed tu\u017eku apod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dosp\u011bl\u00ed si ne v\u017edy v\u010das uv\u011bdom\u00ed, \u017ee d\u00edt\u011b tuto formu terapie pot\u0159ebuje. \u010casto si men\u0161\u00ed manu\u00e1ln\u00ed zru\u010dnost d\u00edt\u011bte chybn\u011b vysv\u011btluj\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad t\u00edm, \u017ee bylo dosud obsluhov\u00e1no, up\u0159ednost\u0148uje hrav\u00e9 aktivity nebo nem\u00e1 r\u00e1do povinnosti. Teprve kdy\u017e se objev\u00ed pot\u00ed\u017ee s psan\u00edm \u2013 d\u00edt\u011b p\u00ed\u0161e neochotn\u011b, pomalu, st\u011b\u017euje si na \u00fanavu ruky, jeho p\u00edsmo je t\u011b\u017eko \u010diteln\u00e9 \u2013 za\u010dnou rodi\u010de hledat pomoc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 rodi\u010de upozor\u0148ovat, \u017ee prvn\u00ed sign\u00e1ly obt\u00ed\u017e\u00ed lze pozorovat mnohem d\u0159\u00edve, a to sledov\u00e1n\u00edm d\u011btsk\u00e9 kresby a jeho manu\u00e1ln\u00ed a manipula\u010dn\u00ed dovednosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co je gra a kdy by m\u011bla b\u00fdt zah\u00e1jena?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak se u d\u011bt\u00ed vyv\u00edj\u00ed schopnost kreslit?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak se vyv\u00edjej\u00ed manu\u00e1ln\u00ed dovednosti?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Jak se u d\u011bt\u00ed vyv\u00edj\u00ed schopnost kreslit?<\/mark><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Hodnocen\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b d\u011btsk\u00fdch kreseb poskytuje spolehliv\u00e9 informace o nutnosti zah\u00e1jen\u00ed terapie ruky<\/mark><\/a>. Proto je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zn\u00e1t v\u00fdvoj schopnosti kreslen\u00ed u d\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kreslen\u00ed je formou hry, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 procvi\u010duje pohyby ruky a prst\u016f, zlep\u0161uje schopnost vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdzy, koordinaci oko-ruka (a tedy samo o sob\u011b p\u0159edstavuje formu terapie).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S v\u011bkem proch\u00e1z\u00ed d\u011btsk\u00e1 kresba n\u011bkolika f\u00e1zemi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Od poloviny 2. roku do p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3 let z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 kreslen\u00ed ve f\u00e1zi \u010dm\u00e1ranic \u2013 d\u00edt\u011b zpo\u010d\u00e1tku dr\u017e\u00ed pastelku celou dlan\u00ed a prov\u00e1d\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 pohyby celou rukou. Tlak pastelky na pap\u00edr je pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00fd a zanech\u00e1v\u00e1 chaotick\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry \u2013 nejprve tzv. line\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010dm\u00e1ranice (cikcaky, spir\u00e1ly apod. kreslen\u00e9 bez zved\u00e1n\u00ed ruky), pozd\u011bji figur\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dm\u00e1ranice (te\u010dky, \u010d\u00e1rky, mal\u00e9 prvky, hust\u0161\u00ed linie apod. \u2013 d\u00edt\u011b zved\u00e1 ruku a p\u0159esouv\u00e1 ji na jin\u00e9 m\u00edsto na pap\u00ed\u0159e).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"D\u00edvka<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ke konci 3. roku se d\u00edt\u011b u\u010d\u00ed dr\u017eet tu\u017eku mezi prsty a sna\u017e\u00ed se napodobit jednoduchou \u010d\u00e1ru nebo kole\u010dko. Obvykle pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jednu pastelku a nerado ji m\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na za\u010d\u00e1tku p\u0159ed\u0161koln\u00edho v\u011bku se za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed objevovat kresby jednoduch\u00fdch objekt\u016f slo\u017een\u00fdch z \u010dar a kruh\u016f (slunce, pes, d\u016fm apod.) a prvn\u00ed kresby lidsk\u00e9 postavy, tzv. hlavono\u017ec\u016f (hlava s detaily, n\u011bkdy p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00edmi jej\u00ed obrys, a nohy). D\u00edt\u011b tak\u00e9 za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pojmenov\u00e1vat to, co kresl\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Od 3\u20134 let do 6 let si d\u00edt\u011b zdokonaluje \u00fachop pastelky, kter\u00fd by m\u011bl b\u00fdt kolem 6. roku ji\u017e spr\u00e1vn\u00fd (dr\u017een\u00ed tu\u017eky t\u0159emi prsty: palcem, ukazov\u00e1\u010dkem polo\u017een\u00fdm seshora a prost\u0159edn\u00ed\u010dkem, v\u202fvzd\u00e1lenosti cca 1,5\u20132 cm od \u0161pi\u010dky pastelky).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dobr\u00fdm v\u00fdvojov\u00fdm ukazatelem je schopnost d\u00edt\u011bte reprodukovat jednoduch\u00e9 geometrick\u00e9 tvary. T\u0159\u00edlet\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b by m\u011blo spr\u00e1vn\u011b nakreslit k\u0159\u00ed\u017e a \u201ekoleje\u201c a tak\u00e9 kruh (ne v\u017edy uzav\u0159en\u00fd).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cty\u0159let\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b kresl\u00ed uzav\u0159en\u00fd kruh, i kdy\u017e m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt hranat\u00fd. V 5 letech se nerovnosti kruhu sni\u017euj\u00ed a v 6 letech je ji\u017e pravideln\u011b zaoblen\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010ctverec nakreslen\u00fd \u010dty\u0159let\u00fdm d\u00edt\u011btem m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt zaoblen\u00e9 rohy, ale u p\u011btilet\u00fdch jsou obvykle patrn\u00e9 alespo\u0148 t\u0159i rohy a \u0161estilet\u00e9 d\u011bti ji\u017e kresl\u00ed \u010dtverec spr\u00e1vn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Troj\u00faheln\u00edk se objevuje v 5. roce, ale teprve v 6. roce je spr\u00e1vn\u011b nakreslen\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina 6\u20137let\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed dok\u00e1\u017ee nakreslit koso\u010dtverec. Zlep\u0161uje se tak\u00e9 schopnost reprodukovat p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se tvary. Ke konci p\u0159ed\u0161koln\u00edho v\u011bku by d\u00edt\u011b m\u011blo tak\u00e9 um\u011bt nakreslit k\u0159ivky, spir\u00e1ly a smy\u010dky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokud jde o kresbu postavy \u2013 na za\u010d\u00e1tku p\u0159ed\u0161koln\u00edho v\u011bku jsou lidsk\u00e9 postavy velmi jednoduch\u00e9. Postava se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z hlavy (s jednotliv\u00fdmi detaily), trupu (v podob\u011b geometrick\u00e9ho tvaru), \u201ejednorozm\u011brn\u00fdch\u201c rukou a nohou (v podob\u011b \u010dar) a prvk\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou pro d\u00edt\u011b emocion\u00e1ln\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9; postavy jsou kresleny zep\u0159edu, \u201epr\u016fhledn\u00e9\u201c nebo v barv\u00e1ch neodpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch realit\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S v\u011bkem d\u011bti do kresby postav p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u00edce \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u011bla a dal\u0161\u00edch detail\u016f (nap\u0159. knofl\u00edky, ma\u0161le, tkani\u010dky apod.). V kresb\u00e1ch se objevuj\u00ed obrysov\u00e9 prvky z nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edho okol\u00ed: dome\u010dek, ulice, lid\u00e9, ale st\u00e1le chyb\u00ed pozad\u00ed. Charakteristick\u00e1 je geometrizace tvar\u016f a absence proporc\u00ed (nap\u0159. kv\u011btina je stejn\u011b velk\u00e1 jako d\u016fm).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Chlapec<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V mlad\u0161\u00edm \u0161koln\u00edm v\u011bku d\u011bti p\u0159ikl\u00e1daj\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam kone\u010dn\u00e9mu efektu kresby a zdob\u00ed ji. P\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed prvky krajiny (zem\u011b, stromy, kv\u011btiny, zv\u00ed\u0159ata, nebe, slunce atd.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Postavy se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed propor\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi, maj\u00ed \u201edvojrozm\u011brn\u00e9\u201c kon\u010detiny, objevuj\u00ed se nov\u00e9 prvky (krk, pas, u\u0161i, chodidla, prsty). Sedmilet\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b dok\u00e1\u017ee nakreslit lidskou postavu z profilu. Postavy jsou vybarven\u00e9, cel\u00e9 kresby jsou barevn\u00e9, n\u011bkdy maj\u00ed vypln\u011bn\u00e9 pozad\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00edt\u011b za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 db\u00e1t na pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed barev odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch realit\u011b. Spr\u00e1vn\u011b reprodukuje tvary a pokou\u0161\u00ed se o zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed perspektivy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kolem 10. roku v\u011bku postupn\u011b miz\u00ed spont\u00e1nn\u00ed kresl\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fd projev<\/strong>, mnoho d\u011bt\u00ed kresl\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b ochotn\u011b, proto\u017ee sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce porovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed s vrstevn\u00edky, boj\u00ed se, \u017ee n\u011bco nedok\u00e1\u017eou vytvo\u0159it podle po\u017eadavk\u016f u\u010ditele a roste jejich kriti\u010dnost v\u016f\u010di vlastn\u00edm v\u00fdtvor\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezi 11.\u201312. rokem se d\u011bti vracej\u00ed k v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9mu projevu, ale v zralej\u0161\u00ed podob\u011b \u2013 vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed tematick\u00e9 ilustrace, kresby se symbolick\u00fdm v\u00fdznamem, kter\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed jejich pocity a n\u00e1lady. R\u00e1dy p\u0159ekresluj\u00ed, \u201enapodobuj\u00ed\u201c realitu, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed svou fantazii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokud p\u0159i anal\u00fdze d\u011btsk\u00fdch kreseb zjist\u00edme, \u017ee jejich \u00farove\u0148 v\u00fdrazn\u011b zaost\u00e1v\u00e1 za v\u00fdvojov\u00fdmi normami, je vhodn\u00e9 obr\u00e1tit se na psychologa nebo pedagoga a prov\u00e9st hodnocen\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b grafomotorick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje a koordinace oko-ruka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak se vyv\u00edjej\u00ed manu\u00e1ln\u00ed dovednosti?<\/mark><\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Druh\u00fdm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm zdrojem informac\u00ed o nutnosti zah\u00e1jit grafomotorickou terapii je \u00farove\u0148 manu\u00e1ln\u00ed zru\u010dnosti a manipula\u010dn\u00edch schopnost\u00ed. I zde je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt, jak se tyto dovednosti vyv\u00edjej\u00ed s v\u011bkem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po dosa\u017een\u00ed 1. roku d\u00edt\u011b zdokonaluje \u00fachop, ji\u017e dok\u00e1\u017ee postavit palec proti ostatn\u00edm prst\u016fm, uchopuje drobn\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty b\u0159\u00ed\u0161ky ukazov\u00e1\u010dku a palce. Roste p\u0159esnost pohyb\u016f prst\u016f (d\u00edky sou\u010dasn\u00e9mu rozvoji koordinace oko-ruka), objevuj\u00ed se prvn\u00ed zn\u00e1mky lateralizace \u2013 d\u00edt\u011b za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 up\u0159ednost\u0148ovat jednu ruku, \u010dast\u011bji pravou ne\u017e levou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve 2. roce d\u00edt\u011b zkou\u0161\u00ed j\u00edst l\u017e\u00edc\u00ed, otev\u00edr\u00e1 a zav\u00edr\u00e1 z\u00e1suvky, krabi\u010dky, za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 \u010dm\u00e1rat a stav\u011bt v\u011b\u017ee z kostek (ke konci 2. roku stav\u00ed 4\u20135 kostek na sebe).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po dosa\u017een\u00ed 3 let d\u00edt\u011b obvykle zvl\u00e1dne samostatn\u011b j\u00edst l\u017e\u00edc\u00ed, p\u00edt z hrn\u00ed\u010dku, m\u00fdt si a ut\u00edrat ruce i obli\u010dej, obouvat si boty, nasazovat \u010depici, navl\u00e9kat velk\u00e9 kor\u00e1lky, postavit v\u011b\u017e z 8 kostek, most nebo \u0159adit kostky do podoby vl\u00e1\u010dku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"D\u00edvka<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V p\u0159ed\u0161koln\u00edm<\/mark><\/a> v\u011bku roste plynulost a p\u0159esnost pohyb\u016f p\u0159i \u010dinnostech, jako je zap\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed velk\u00fdch knofl\u00edk\u016f, navl\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed kor\u00e1lk\u016f nebo kreslen\u00ed \u010dtverce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5\u20136let\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b by m\u011blo zvl\u00e1dnout samostatn\u011b se obl\u00e9kat a m\u00fdt (s malou pomoc\u00ed rodi\u010d\u016f), pou\u017e\u00edvat n\u016f\u017eky a o\u0159ez\u00e1v\u00e1tko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u011bti ve v\u011bku 6\u20137 let dok\u00e1\u017eou zap\u00ednat men\u0161\u00ed knofl\u00edky, zavazovat tkani\u010dky, pou\u017e\u00edvat n\u016f\u017e a vidli\u010dku. P\u0159i kreslen\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u011b dr\u017e\u00ed tu\u017eku, za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed bez vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed kontroly kreslit geometrick\u00e9 tvary. Objevuje se p\u0159ipravenost k psan\u00ed drobn\u00fdch prvk\u016f v \u0159\u00e1dkov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podobn\u011b jako u kreseb \u2013 pokud si v\u0161imneme, \u017ee d\u00edt\u011b m\u00e1 pot\u00ed\u017ee s manipulac\u00ed s p\u0159edm\u011bty, prov\u00e1d\u00ed \u00fakony sebeobsluhy neobratn\u011b nebo nerado vykon\u00e1v\u00e1 konstruk\u010dn\u00ed hry, stoj\u00ed za to zjistit, zda nepot\u0159ebuje grafomotorickou terapii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Co je gra a kdy by m\u011bla b\u00fdt zah\u00e1jena? C\u00edlem grafomotorick\u00e9 terapie je zlep\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00fdch pohyb\u016f ruky a prst\u016f a<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":111,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,3,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-107","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-inkluzivni-vzdelavani","category-materska-skola","category-zakladni-skola","comments-off"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/insgraf.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/107","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/insgraf.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/insgraf.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/insgraf.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/insgraf.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=107"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/insgraf.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/107\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":112,"href":"https:\/\/insgraf.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/107\/revisions\/112"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/insgraf.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/111"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/insgraf.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=107"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/insgraf.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=107"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/insgraf.cz\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=107"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}